The Nature of Critical Thinking: Are We Born with It or Can We Learn It?

​Critical thinking is often defined as the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking. It involves the active processing of information, analysis of arguments, and evaluation of evidence to reach well-supported conclusions. While some individuals may seem naturally predisposed to critical thinking due to their cognitive styles or personality traits, research suggests that critical thinking skills can be cultivated and enhanced through structured training and practice. In the claims business critical thinking is an essential skill required by all claims professionals.

Are We Predisposed to be Critical Thinkers?

Research indicates that certain personality traits can influence an individual’s propensity for critical thinking. For example, Karpinski and Steinberg (2009) explored the relationship between personality traits and critical thinking skills, finding that traits such as openness to experience and conscientiousness are positively correlated with critical thinking abilities. However, it would be a mistake to assume that critical thinking is strictly innate; rather, these traits can provide a foundation upon which critical thinking skills can be built.

In addition, cognitive factors such as prior knowledge and experience also play a crucial role. Individuals with more extensive backgrounds in areas requiring analytical reasoning-such as science or philosophy-tend to demonstrate stronger critical thinking skills. Nonetheless, this does not preclude those without such backgrounds from developing these skills through education and practice.

Can You Be Trained to Think Critically?

The good news is that critical thinking can indeed be taught and learned. Numerous studies have shown that instructional methods focused on promoting critical thinking can lead to significant improvements in employees abilities. For instance, Tsui (2002) conducted research across four institutions and found that effective pedagogical strategies-such as encouraging dialogue, problem-solving, and inquiry-based learning-can foster critical thinking skills among students. From a professional perspective I have observed over my +35 years of experience that training and practice have time and time again proven to be the best practices in developing the optimal performing claims professional{s).

Training Methods for Critical Thinking:

1. Socratic Questioning: This method involves asking a series of guided questions that challenge assumptions and stimulate deeper thinking. By engaging in dialogues that require justification of beliefs, learners become more adept at analyzing their thought processes.

2. Problem-Based Learning (PBL): In PBL environments, students and professionals are presented with complex, real-world problems to solve. This approach requires them to research, discuss, and apply various perspectives, thereby honing their critical analysis and reasoning skills.

3. Reflective Practice: Encouraging individuals to reflect on their learning experiences, decisions, and thought processes can enhance their critical thinking. Keeping a reflective journal or engaging in group discussions where experiences are analyzed can help identify biases and improve reasoning.

4. Assessment and Feedback: Regular assessments that require the application of critical thinking skills, followed by constructive feedback, can help learners recognize their strengths and areas for improvement. This is where the claim profession gets it right; the continuous training regimen, including rotating training sessions to focus on the different skills required to be a claims professional, results in development of the professional with the optimal and braid based skills to be successful.

Supporting Research

Facione (2011) emphasizes the importance of teaching critical thinking as a fundamental skill for both personal and societal decision-making. His work outlines key components and strategies necessary for effective critical thinking instruction.

Huber and Kuncel (2016) conducted a meta-analysis that revealed a positive impact of various assessment types on students’ critical thinking skills, highlighting the effectiveness of structured educational interventions in fostering these abilities.

Paul and Elder (2014) outline tools and techniques in their “Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools,” which can be used by educators to promote critical thinking across disciplines.

Conclusion

While certain individuals may possess innate qualities that predispose them to be better critical thinkers, the consensus in educational research is that critical thinking skills can be effectively nurtured through targeted training and practice. By implementing diverse instructional strategies such as Socratic questioning and problem-based learning, we can cultivate a society capable of making informed, rational decisions. Thus, embracing the idea that critical thinking is a trainable skill opens up opportunities for personal and societal growth. The claims profession, one that follows this paradigm, has throughout my tenure been the model for this type of development. Through continuous practice and reflection, anyone can become a proficient critical thinker, equipped to navigate the complexities of modern life.

Author(s)
Ernest Patrick Smith, CPA/CVA, ABV, CVA, CFE
Managing Partner, Nawrocki Smith, CPA’s, Accountants & Advisors

Critical Thinking References

1. Books on Critical Thinking:

– “Critical Thinking: A Beginner’s Guide” by Jennifer Wilson.- “Thinking, Fast and Slow” by Daniel Kahneman.
– “The Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools” by Richard Paul and Linda Elder.

2. Academic Journals:

– The Journal of Philosophy-features articles on logic and reasoning.
– Educational Research Review- may publish studies on teaching methods that enhance critical thinking

3. Online Resources:

– The Foundation for Critical Thinking (www.criticalthinking.org) offers articles, resources, and guides on developing critical thinking skills.
– Educational websites like Khan Academy or Coursera often have courses on critical thinking.

4. Research Papers and Articles:

– Search through databases like Google Scholar for research on critical thinking in education.

5. Guidelines and Frameworks:

– Many educational institutions provide guidelines and frameworks for developing critical thinking skills, which can often be found on their official websites.